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-
- Lets start off with shell Commands... ( more to come soon! )
-
- If you are Familiar with MSDOS Commands, Click
here for Command translation table
alias alias-term command-string
- The alias built-in shell command allows the entering of shorter or
easy-to-remember names to execute longer or hard-to-remember commands. The
command is entered to set alias-term equal to command-string.
If command-string has spaces in it, single quotes should be around
the string. For example, entering alias dir='ls -al' will
allow ls -al to be executed whenever the dir command is
entered (thus easing the transition to UNIX for the MS-DOS users). Each user
can put these alias commands in their .bashrc file to have the aliases
automatically set each time the user logs in. Entering alias
by itself will list all the aliases currently set for the user.
- cal
- The cal command displays the current month. If you specify the
year, e.g. cal 1996, it will display all the months for that year.
The -j specifies the display to be in the Julian calender, e.g. cal
-j 1996.
- cat file
- The cat command displays the contents of the file named by file.
If the file is large, all but the last screenfull of lines will scroll off
the screen too quickly to read. To display the file a screenful at a time,
pipe the output to the more or less
commands.
- cd directory
- The cd command moves you (changes your current working directory)
to directory. Entering cd without the directory
argument will move you to your home directory.
- Examples:
- cd /usr/bin
- moves you to the bin directory inside of the usr
directory.
- cd ..
- moves you to the parent directory of your current directory.
chmod permissions path
- The chmod command changes the access permission associated with a
file or directory ("file" will be used here to refer to either a
file or a directory).
Each file has three types of access: read (r), write (w) and execute (x).
In a ls -al file listing, the
abbreviations appear in the columns on the left. To see the contents of a
file, the file must have read (r) permission. To change the contents of a
file (e.g. saving changes after editing), write (r) permission must be
enabled. To execute a command by entering the name at the UNIX prompt, the
file must have execute (x) permission. To access a directory, the execute
(x) permission must be granted for that directory. If a given type of access
is not permitted, it will show up as a dash (-) rather than r, w or x in the
ls -al listing.
The access to a file can be controlled separately for three sets of
users: the owner of the file (u), a limited group of users (g), and everyone
on the system (o). In a ls -al file listing, the first three
columns (starting in column two of the listing) are the r, w and x access
allowed for the owner, the second three are the access allowed for the group
and the third three are the access allowed for everyone else.
Permissions can be specified in numeric format or using the
abbreviations above. For the numeric format, three numbers are specified
where each number represents the access granted for one of the three sets of
users. Each permission number is determined by adding up the value
associated with each type of access: r=4, w=2 and x=1. For example, the
value 7 grants all access, the value 5 grants only read and execute access
but not write access and the value 0 does not allow any access to the file.
The numeric access specification is an absolute one; all three types of
access for all three sets of users are reset according to the new permissions.
| Number |
Meaning |
| Section
One is Owner |
| 400 |
Owner has read permissions |
| 200 |
Owner has write permissions |
| 100 |
Owner has execute permissions |
| Section
Two is Group |
| 040 |
Group has read permissions |
| 020 |
Group has write permissions |
| 010 |
Group has execute permissions |
| Section
Three is World |
| 004 |
World has read permissions |
| 002 |
World has write permissions |
| 001 |
World has execute permissions |
- Examples:
- chmod 640 .bash_profile
- grants read and write permission (6) to the owner of the file,
read-only permission to the group, and no permissions for everyone else.
The would appear in a file listing as rw-r-----.
- chmod 777 .
- grants all access to the owner, group, and everyone for the current
working directory.
The permissions can also be specified using abbreviations rather than
numbers. Using this method, some of the permissions can be changed without
affecting others. The permissions format is <u, g or o>
<+ or -> <r, w or x>. The + adds the access indicated
to the file without affecting the other permissions. The - removes
the access from the file.
- Examples:
- chmod u+rw report
- adds read and write permission to the file, report, for the owner of
the file. Access for the group and everyone is unchanged.
- chmod +x somecommand
- adds execute permission to the file, somecommand, for all three sets
of users.
- chmod go-rwx private.file
- removes all access to the file, private.file, for the group and
everyone and leaves the owner's access unchanged.
-
chown username path
- The chown command changes the ownership of the file or directory, path,
to user, username. Both the user-ownership and the group-ownership
may be changed at once by specifying user.group for the username
parameter. One must have root privileges to do this so this command will not
be too useful for most users. If you really want to own someone else's file
that you have read-access to, make a copy of the file using the command, cp.
- cp file1 file2
- The cp command creates an identical copy of the file, file1,
and names the copy, file2. Note that the ownership of file2
will be set to whoever does the cp command.
date
- The date command displays the current date and time. Use date
-u to see the time in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), universal time.
diff file1 file2
- The diff command compares the contents of two text files and
displays the differences. The lines preceded with < are from file1.
The lines preceded by > are from file2. Each section of
differences is separated by ---.
- du options
- The du command summarizes disk usage. du entered on the
command line with no options will return the size of all the directories
beneath the current working directory. du with the -s
option will return a summary of all the directories suppressing all output
but the total. du with the -a option will
return not only the directories but the individual files.
This command will report the amount of the 5 MB of disk space you have
used if issued from your home directory
exit
- The exit command terminates the current UNIX shell. If you started
this UNIX session (shell) with either the rlogin or telnet
command from within another session, exit returns you to your
previous session. If not, exit usually just closes your window
(either an xterm window or terminal program window) or returns you to a login:
prompt.
- chfn [Note: currently
disabled]
- The chfn, or change finger command allows you to
modify the information in the password file that people can obtain about you
using finger.
Information that can be change is:
- Name
- Office
- Office Phone
- Home Phone
You may change the information to whatever you like, as often as you like,
by telneting to Microsoft and running this program.
This modifies the information that is in the /etc/passwd
file that has the permissions to allow it to be world readable. UNIX reads
this file to determine things like who you are, what is your home directory,
the command shell you use, what program or processes you are allowed to run,
your username and your password (which is encrypted for
your protection).
- finger name@address [Note:
currently disabled]
- The finger command displays information about user accounts with
names (usernames or proper names) matching name on the machine
identified by address. The argument name may be a known
username or a first or last proper name without any spaces although this
varies from machine to machine. When fingering @Microsoft.com, use
the userid, e.g.finger Bill@Microsoft.com :)
The finger command may not work if the remote machine is not a UNIX
machine (although most multi-user machines have finger capability these
days). If only the @address, portion of the argument is used, all of
the users currently logged into the remote machine may be displayed, e.g.finger
@Microsoft.com. If no argument is specified, all of the users
currently logged into your machine are shown (see also the who
command).
An electronic mail address can often be verified or determined
using the finger command. For example, if you do not know if a person's
address is correct, use the finger command with what you think is their
email address.
If you are concerned about the information that can be obtained by others
about you, use the chfn command to
change that information.
- fortune
- The fortune command has no value other than to give you tidbits of
wisdom! e.g.
- Leibowitz's Rule: When hammering a nail, you will never hit your
finger if you hold the hammer with both hands.
- "Speed is subsittute fo accurancy."
- The more things change, the more they stay insane.
- You! What PLANET is this!
-- McCoy, "The City on the Edge of Forever", stardate 3134.0
If you want such wisdom every time you logon Microsoft.com, simply add it to
your .bash_profile which is read by your command shell (bash)
when you login to Microsoft.com.
- ftp hostname
- The ftp command will connect you to another computer to either get
a file(s) from the remote machine or to put a file(s) onto a remote
machine.
Once ftp has made a connection with the remote machine it will
prompt your for your password and username, just like you would with telnet.
If you do not have an account on that machine., then login in with anonymous
as your password and your email address in the form of username@
hostname as your password. This is known as anonymous ftp.
ftp> Once at this prompt the commands are:
- ascii for enabling text transfers.
- binary for enabling binary transfers (for .exe, .zip, .jpg,
.gif, etc)
- get file to get a file from the remote machine to your
machine.
- put file to put a file from your machine to the remote
machine.
- cd directory to change directory on the remote machine.
See cd.
- lcd directory to change the directory on the local
machine.
Note: lcd followed by a period ''.'' will report the
current working directory on the local machine.
- pwd to display the full path of your current working directory
on the remote machine. In other words, it tells you what directory you
are in.
- ls lists the contents of the current working directory on the
remote machine. See ls.
- ! ls or ! dir will list the files on the
local machine in the current working directory.
- ? will list all the commands available with your ftp
program.
- close will close the current connection but not end ftp
allowing you to use the open command to connect to another remote
machine.
- open hostname from the ftp> prompt will open a
ftp session with a remote machine.
- quit closes the connection with the remote machine and ends the
ftp program.
Little known tip: To see the contents of a text file on a remote
machine without having to download it first to the local machine, the
command is:
get filename -.
The ''-'' pipes the contents of the file to the screen.
- grep pattern file [Note:
currently disabled]
- The grep command searches one or more files, specified by file,
for the text string specified by pattern. For example, grep 'dna'
seqfile1 will list all lines found in the file, seqfile1, which
contain the text "dna". Grep is usually used to search for text in
several files at once, e.g. grep 'dna' * will perform the
same search on all the files in your current directory.
- head file
- tail file
- The head and tail commands list the first (head) or last
(tail) ten lines of your file. The number of lines listed may be varied by
including -n number-of-lines option. For example, head -n 50
report1 will list the first fifty lines of the file report1.
- kill id-number
- The kill command terminates the process with the id, id-number.
The process id can be determined with the ps
command. Generally, the kill command is the last method tried to
terminate a running program. If a normal kill (a kill without any
kill-level option specified before the id-number) does not remove the
process, including the -9 option will usually annihilate it (unless
it is a zombie process -- in which case it doesn't exist so it can't
be killed (confused yet?)) e.g. kill -9 18201 is a
"sure kill" of process number 18201.
- less file1
- The less command displays the contents of the text file, file1,
a screenful at a time, pausing at the end of each screen until the user
presses one of a few special keys. When the display pauses, the user may
press:
- <SPACE> to display to the next page of text,
- b to display to the previous page of text,
- <ENTER to display only one more line of text,
- / followed by a word and the <ENTER>
to search for that word in the remaining text of the file,
- n to find the next occurrence of that word,
- > to go all the way to the bottom of the file,
- < to go all the way to the top of the file,
- v to edit the file using vi,
- h to see all the operations available in less,
- q or CONTROL-C to quit displaying
the file and return to the command prompt.
less may also be used at the end of a "pipe" to cause the
output from another command to be paused a screen at a time. This is useful
when a UNIX command produces a lot of output too fast for the user to see
before the output scrolls off the screen. For example, the ls
-al command often produces long directory listings which are better
viewed a screen at a time by entering ls -al | less. Also
useful when displaying the calender year using the cal
command.
- ls pattern
- The ls command lists the files and directories in a directory. If pattern
is the name of a file, only that file (or files if wildcards are
used) is listed. If pattern is a directory name, the contents of that
directory are listed. If pattern is omitted, all the files and
directories in your current directory are listed. The output of the ls
command may be piped into the more command to pause the
listing after each screenful of text (e.g. ls -al | more).
- Here are a few of the options for the ls command (for a
complete list, see the ls man page):
- -a
- lists all files in the current directory. Without this option,
filenames that begin with a period (such as .bash_profile, .lessrc, and
..) are not shown).
- -l
- lists the filenames in long format. This format includes the
protections or permissions (changeable with chmod)
on each file and the owner of the file.
- -g
- adds the group ownership of the file to the information
displayed with the -l option described above.
- -F
- highlights directories with a trailing /, executable files with
a trailing * and symbolic links with a trailing @ in a
listing.
- Examples:
- ls
- lists every file (except those filenames that begin with a period) in
in the current directory.
- ls -al /bin
- lists all files in the /bin directory in the long format.
- ls -laFg
- lists all files in the current directory in long format (including
group ownership), highlighting directories, executable files and
symbolic links.
-
man command
- The man command displays the standard UNIX manual page for the command
you specify. These pages may be somewhat cryptic for some users but
generally tell you all you would ever want to know about the command.
- mkdir dir1
- The mkdir command creates the directory, dir1, within your
current directory (unless the specification of dir1 begins with a /).
more file1
- The more command displays the contents of the text file, file1,
a screenful at a time, pausing at the end of each screen until the user
presses one of a few special keys. When the display pauses, the user may
press:
- <SPACE> to display to the next page of text,
- <ENTER> to display only one more line of text,
- / followed by a word and the <ENTER>
to search for that word in the remaining text of the file,
- ? to see all the operations available in more,
- q or CONTROL-C to quit displaying
the file and return to the command prompt.
more may also be used at the end of a "pipe" to cause the
output from another command to be paused a screen at a time. This is useful
when a UNIX command produces a lot of output too fast for the user to see
before the output scrolls off the screen. For example, the ls
-al command often produces long directory listings which are better
viewed a screen at a time by entering ls -al | more.
For a more powerful version of this command see less.
- mv name1 name2
- The mv command moves and/or renames the file or directory, name1.
If name2 is an existing directory, name1 will be moved (not
copied) into the directory, name2. If name2 is not an existing
directory, name1 (whether it be a file or directory) will simply be
renamed into name2. It is possible to move and rename name1
at the same time if name2 is a new name within an existing directory.
Any file file already existing with name2 will be overwritten by the
renaming or moving of name1 unless mv -i is used,
which asks the user for confirmation of destruction of existing files.
- passwd
- The passwd command changes your UNIX login password. After entering
the command passwd, you will be asked to enter your old
password, then the new password that you want to change to, and then the
same new password again. You are asked to enter the new password twice to
assure that you have typed it correctly. None of the passwords you enter
will be displayed on the screen as you type them and your password is encrypted
for your protection.
ps
- The ps command displays a list of the processes currently running
on the machine that you are logged into. If no arguments are entered with
the ps command, only the "important" processes, that you
own (i.e. that you are running) are displayed. The -a option includes
processes owned by others in the list. The -g option includes all
processes, not just "important" processes. The -u option
provides more information for each processes than is printed by default.
- Examples (note that the dash in a ps option is not required):
- ps
- List all the processes running that you own (minimal information).
- ps u
- List all the processes running that you own (lots of information).
- ps a
- List all the processes running on this machine no matter who owns
them.
To terminate a process, see the kill command.
- pwd
- The pwd command displays the full path of your current working
directory. In other words, it tells you what directory you are in.
- rlogin address This command has largely
been superceded by telnet. See it instead.
- The rlogin command logs into another machine specified by address.
The -l username option allows you to specify a username to attempt
the remote login with. If this option is omitted, your current username is
used by default. Examples:
rlogin microsoft.com
logs you into the machine named microsoft.com with your current username
rlogin microsoft.com -l smith
logs you into the machine named microsoft.com as user smith (of course, you
must know smith's password). You can close the connection from the remote
machine by entering the command,exit.
- rm yourfile
- The rm command removes the file, yourfile, permanently from
the filesystem. This cannot be undone so be careful when using wildcards in
the file specification. Use rm -i to force user-confirmation
of each file to be removed. Using rm -r somedir will
remove the subdirectory somedir as well as all the subdirectories and
files within that subdirectory.
Note: Be careful! If you mean a to delete bunch of files with the
extension of *.bak using the command of rm *.bak and instead
enter rm * .bak (adding a space between the wildcard ''*'' and
the file name extension .bak) it will first remove ALL files
then go looking for a file named .bak and issue an error message that
it cannot find it.
- rmdir dir1
- The rmdir command deletes the empty subdirectory, dir1. To
delete non-empty subdirectories, see rm -r.
talk name@address
- The talk command allows you communicate with another user using
your terminal. When first called, talk sends the message:
Message from TalkDeamon@his_machine...
talk: connection requested by your_name@your_machine.
talk: respond with: talk your_name@your_machine.
And they respond with:
talk your_name@your_machine
To end the session hit CTRL-C.
To find out if someone you wish to talk to is available use the who
or finger commands.
- tail file
- See head.
- telnet address
- The telnet command logs into another machine specified by address.
The -l username option allows you to specify a username to attempt
the remote login with. If this option is omitted, your current username is
used by default. Examples:
telnet microsoft.com
logs you into the machine named microsoft.com with your current username
telnet microsoft.com -l smith
logs you into the machine named microsoft.com as user smith (of course, you
must know smith's password). You can close the connection from the remote
machine by entering the command,exit.
- vi yourfile
-
vim yourfile
- The editor vi is on every UNIX machine, so it should be mentioned.
It's also known, on Linux machines as elvis, and there is a version
called vim (Vi IMproved). I perfer vim over vi
(aka elvis) because there is some on-line help. Before using either vi
or vim, I would strongly recommend that one telnet
into microsoft.com and issue the following command:
vim /u/b/bbcomp/vitutor/tutor
It is a short tutorial on the editor(s) and almost all the basic commands
are the same. There are things you have to know first.
- The editor has two modes, command mode and insert mode. One allows you
to enter commands, like to quit, save the file, etc, and the other
allows you to enter text.
- To switch to command mode, you hit the escape key until it
beeps.
- To enter insert mode, you hit the letter i.
- To save a file you are editing, you enter command mode and then hit
the : (colon) key, then the letter w and the enter key
:w
- To save a file you are editing and quit the program, you enter command
mode and then hit the : (colon) key, then the letters wq
and the enter key
:wq
- To quit the program you enter command mode and then hit the :
(colon) key then the letters q! and the enter key
:q!
- On line help for vim is accessed by entering the command mode
and then hit the : (colon) key, then h and the enter key
:h
This is the editor that you want to use for editing your .bash_profile
and other dot files in you home directory. See the also man
pages for either elvis or vim.
- wc yourfile
- The wc command counts the number of words or characters and lines
in your file. If the -l option is used, only the number of lines is
counted.
- who
- The who command displays a list of who is logged on to the system
and where they are logged on from. See also finger.
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